Osmolarity and Osmolality in Chemistry

Osmolarity and osmolality are units of solute concentration that are often used in reference to biochemistry and body fluids. While any polar solvent could be used, these units are used almost exclusively for aqueous (water) solutions. Learn what osmolarity and osmolality are and how to express them. Osmoles Both osmolarity and osmolality are defined in terms of osmoles. An osmole is a unit of measurement that describes the number of moles of a compound that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a chemical solution. The osmole is related to osmosis and is used in reference to a solution where osmotic pressure is important, such as blood and urine. Osmolarity Osmolarity is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per liter (L) of a solution. It is expressed in terms of osmol/L or Osm/L. Osmolarity depends on the number of particles in a chemical solution, but not on the identity of those molecules or ions. Sample Osmolarity Calculations A 1 mol/L NaCl solution has an osmolarity of 2 osmol/L. A mole of NaCl dissociates fully in water to yield  two moles  of particles: Na  ions and Cl-  ions. Each mole of NaCl becomes two osmoles in solution. A 1 M solution of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, dissociates into 2 sodium ions and 1 sulfate anion, so each mole of sodium sulfate becomes 3 osmoles in solution (3 Osm). To find the osmolarity of a 0.3% NaCl solution, you first calculate the molarity of the salt solution and then convert the molarity to osmolarity. Convert percent to molarity:0.03 % 3 grams / 100 ml 3 grams / 0.1 L 30 g/Lmolarity NaCl moles / liter (30 g/L) x (1 mol / molecular weight of NaCl) Look up the atomic weights of Na and Cl on the periodic table and add the together to get the molecular weight. Na is 22.99 g and Cl is 35.45 g, so the molecular weight of NaCl is 22.99 35.45, which is 58.44 grams per mole. Plugging this in: molarity of the 3% salt solution (30 g/L) / (58.44 g/mol)molarity 0.51 M You know there are 2 osmoles of NaCl per mole, so: osmolarity of 3% NaCl molarity x 2osmolarity 0.51 x 2osmolarity 1.03 Osm Osmolality Osmolality is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is expressed in terms of osmol/kg or Osm/kg. When the solvent is water, osmolarity and osmolality may be nearly the same under ordinary conditions, since the approximate density of water is 1 g/ml or 1 kg/L. The value changes as the temperature changes (e.g., the density of water at 100 C is 0.9974 kg/L). When to Use Osmolarity vs Osmolality Osmolality is convenient to use because the amount of solvent remains constant, regardless of changes in temperature and pressure. While osmolarity is easy to calculate, its less difficult to determine because the volume of a solution changes according to temperature and pressure. Osmolarity is most commonly used when all measurements are made at a constant temperature and pressure. Note a 1 molar (M) solution will usually have a higher concentration of solute than a 1 molal solution because solute accounts for some of the space in the solution volume.

Mankiw Chapter 15 - 3536 Words

Chapter 15 – Mankiw SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS: Quick Quizzes 1. A market might have a monopoly because: (1) a key resource is owned by a single firm; (2) the government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good; or (3) the costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers. Examples of monopolies include: (1) the water producer in a small town, who owns a key resource, the one well in town; (2) a pharmaceutical company that is given a patent on a new drug by the government; and (3) a bridge, which is a natural monopoly because (if the bridge is uncongested) having just one bridge is efficient. Many other examples are possible. 2. A monopolist chooses the amount of output to†¦show more content†¦The fact that it sells a greater quantity increases the firm’s revenue, but the decline in price decreases the firm’s revenue. The overall effect depends on the price elasticity of demand. If demand is inelastic, marginal revenue will be negative. 4. Figure 1 shows the demand, marginal-revenue, average-total-cost, and marginal-cost curves for a monopolist. The intersection of the marginal-revenue and marginal-cost curves determines the profit-maximizing level of output, Qm. The profit-maximizing price, Pm can be found using the demand curve. Profit is shown as the rectangular area with a height of (PM – ATCM) and a base of QM. Figure 1 5. The level of output that maximizes total surplus in Figure 1 is where the demand curve intersects the marginal-cost curve, Qc. The deadweight loss from monopoly is the triangular area between Qc and Qm that is above the marginal-cost curve and below the demand curve. Chapter 15/Monopoly 281 It represents deadweight loss, because society loses total surplus because of the monopoly. The deadweight loss is equal to the value of the good (measured by the height of the demand curve) less the cost of production (given by the height of the marginal-cost curve), for the quantities between Qm and Qc. 6. One example of price discrimination is in publishing books. Publishers charge a muchShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Buffett Rule and Tax Reform949 Words   |  4 Pagesheritage.org/2011/12/04/chart-of-the-week-runaway-spending-not-low-tax-revenue-fueling-deficits/ Buffett, Warren. â€Å"Stop Coddling the Super-Rich,† The New York Times, 08-14-2011. Accessed 04-20- 2012. 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Dimensional Printing Of Ceramic Scaffolds †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Dimensional Printing Of Ceramic Scaffolds? Answer: Introducation This paper seeks to comprehend the information behind the 3D printing activities and processes. The 3D printing has a history from the early centuries in Greece where 3D objects were made similarly to each other. The printing involves the modelling and design, development in the software and finally machining. There is a business side to the same concerned on the return on investment and increase in the number of sales. It is considered as additive manufacturing that is due to the fact that instead of removing material to create a part or the entire design model (Hobson, 2012). The design undergoes prototyping of specialized parts and considers other future applications. The 3D printing technique solves some of the shortcomings of the traditional machining technologies used in production at industrial or manufacturing level. 3D printable models are generated using the computer aided design software through a three-dimensional scanner or from an ordinary cardinal camera or software. The blue-collar modelling process of fixing geometric data for three-dimensional mainframe graphics is analogous to the physical molding of objects (Fratzl, 2007). In 3D printing, there is an additive industrial course that creates the three-dimensional objects from the 3D digital information provided. The three-dimensional digital models are sliced into many 2D cross-sections. These sectional parts are then printed out on top of each other. There are other 3D printers that are subtractive manufacturing processes such as the CNC and milling processes(Lipson Kurman, 2013). These processes are considered a separate group and are referred to as the machining processes. There are different kinds of processes involved in the production of 3D materials, Powder based processes Solid based processes Paper-based processes Liquid-based processes Initially, one starts with the three-dimensional models that are at the design stage. The information is input in the three-dimensional software or an object is scanned with the 3D scanner, if one wants to fabricate a real-life object or download an actual file (Anderson, 2012). The larger set of folks, still have qualms about 3D printing. Such doubt is attributed to the fact that it still has many unexplored horizons. Similarly, the technology has newly raised concerns about safety and issues dealing with piracy.The 3D printing software groups the model into many 3D cross-sections. As the world keeps evolving, new technologies begin emerging. But only a few new technologies, change the world completely and deeply impact peoples lives(Kaur, 2012) When the 3D model is sliced, the data is directed to a 3D printer which reconstructs the object one layer atop each other. The 3D printers move along the three-axis on the X, Y, Z coordinates. This is done using the FDM printer (Kamrani, 2006). One of the most significant uses for 3D printing is inside the medical industry(Greenemeier, 2013). In the medical sphere, the medical practitioners are able to make a replica of the parts from the patients bodies when the need to be operated on. The reproduction of the 3D printing ideas makes it possible to make a part from the software in just a couple of hours.The idea of 3D printing has occurred for centuries with an origin in Greece. The 3D printing or rapid prototyping is used in engineering to create models and prototypes much faster. The traditional manufacturing processes such as the injection molding, are cheaper per unit they are expensive and time consuming to setup or tooling and so a quick alternative was sought (Berman, 2012). The 3D printed parts and the open source GNU software licensing it allowed individual users to drive innovations. Up until the year 2005, the 3D printing was quite expensive and, for the better part, it is available only for the manufacturing industry. There was a RepRap project conducted by Adrian Bowyer in the year 2005 that was a collaborative challenge to create a self-replicating machine. The project made the 3D printing use cheaper technology, adopt a patent expiration strategy, and was made open source (D'Aveni, 2013). The traditional casting method takes four to five months. One of their current projects involves implementing a 3D printer inside future shuttles in order to easily replace broken parts and build objects that might be needed in outer space(Seitz, et al., 2005). They have also begun testing on 3D-printed rocket injectors.The creating 3D models are made using Computer Aided Design. There are solid modelers and mesh modelers are meant to model in solids. They are advantageous for 3D printing since models will be manifold and all models are exported to meshes before printing. The parametric modelers are using a set of rules to define an object. It is used in the medical and aerospace industry and the metal parts are modelled. The 3D printing faces a number of challenges include, Limited and high cost of materials Unreliability of machines (20% reject rate) Challenges scaling up technology Speed and IP Environmental concerns, surface finish, resolution Mechanical properties, post processing, and still only making shapes. There are seven different types of 3D printing such as the substantial extrusion (FDM) as most public technology and desktop replicas are widespread. There is the material jetting which provides more professional prototypes, multi-materials, and common in design firms. The binder jetting is the visual prototypes, tooling, investment casting for the larger platforms. Different research cases have shown that it is actually possible to have printouts of a wide range of materials. There is a lot of emerging use of the print technology in the automobile and medical spheres. The sheet lamination has reams of paper act as the base materials, low strength, and opportunities for decent resolution color. The Vat Polymerization is the SLA is the oldest 3D printing technology, high resolution but relatively, and low strength parts, and the new desktop versions are available. The print technology has the ability to remove several materials from the system or model being designed. Powder based system (SLS) has a wider range of materials, very strength, functional parts, base materials is in powder form and it is still at the industrial scale. Directed Energy deposition uses the electron Beam melting to perform the modelling and printing. When an industry performs customized production of materials, it is not cost effective to use an industrial complex for production. The materials or different designs can be produced separately using the 3D printers to ensure that the system generates a customized product. The usage is common for vintage cars and custom-made vehicles that are rare and their spare parts are not obtained on a large scale. The use of 3D printing has increased the component functionality. A lot of factors need to be considered such as the thermal constraint to ensure that the high thermal conductivity of a structure is maintained and the print ing process does not destroy a component. The system of 3D printing has a number of merits such as, The product formation is currently the main use of 3D printing technology. The surgeons and dentists are using the 3D printers to print sections of the body before doing the complex surgeries. The machine constructs body parts such as the grafts for the patients who have been through the traumatic injuries. These are used to create replacement organs such as tooth or jaw sections. The NASA engineers have advanced the technology in the aerospace applications. The team at NASA uses the Fused Deposition Modelling to perform additive manufacturing of the very complex shapes and durable enough systems or structures. In aerospace engineering, some of the parts of the aircrafts require the full model before assembly. The architects are also great users of the 3D printing. For a long time, architects have been using blue print plans to show designs but with the advent of 3D printers, the architects can use them to illustrate the design to their clients Artists can demonstrate their objects and ideas that are incredible and yet difficult and expensive to achieve using the current concepts with the traditional processes. The 3D printers save the organization a lot of time, effort, and the system reduces errors that are encountered when generating 3D objects using traditional means. Evalution There are variations of 3D printing technology such as the stereolithographic, FDM, and powdered Bed. The UV light is used to harden photosensitive photopolymers and resins. There are fused deposition modelling and plastic jet printing has a melted plastic filament pushed through a nozzle or an extruder. The common plastics are the ABS and the PLA. A granular bed of materials is selectively fused together by a laser. There are various materials such as metal alloys, metal powders, thermoplastics, and ceramic powders. On the economic scale, the additive manufacturing is currently a $2.2 billion industry globally. The market is expected to triple by the 2018 to about $6 billion. The injection molding market expected to be $252 billion in 2018. People use the 3D printing for prototyping, low volume manufacturing, tooling, consumer products, customization and personalization, art and design, education, and medical implementation. The three-dimensional modelling has design freedom and wha t you design is what you print. The 3D printers are able to achieve smoother and finer finishes than the machining techniques done by millers and lathe machines or even the CNC machines. The printer can produce products with very thick or thin measurements exactly as designed by the engineers or architects. The products are able to capture the look or feel of the future products. Conclusion In a nutshell,the 3D printing is still being developed and the literature review shows that there are many benefits and caveats with regards to its utilization. There are great accomplishments with regards to the development of the 3D printing especially in the medical and construction field. For now, it is something that has to be further looked into in order to fully understand its extents whether good or bad. There is need to have more investment in the research and development of improved 3D technology versions. The propulsion in 3D printing enables the different organizations to get value for their investments. There is a better future for the 3D printers as more industries are embracing the technology and it is becoming more affordable as the technology evolves. One of the greatest areas to evolve is the medical sphere where the medics are now generating even artificial bone structure for surgery purposes and implants. References Anderson, C., 2012. The new MakerBot Replicatior might just change your world. Wired Magazine, [online]. Available at: https://www.wired.com/design/2012/09/how-makerbots-replicator2-will-launch-era-of-desktop-manufacturing/ [Accessed 4 November 2012] Aron, J., 2012. 3D printers tell you when your design will fail. New Scientist Magazine, [online]. Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528785.800-3d-printers-tell-you-when-your-design-will-fail.html [Accessed 4 November 2012] Berman, B., 2012. 3D Printing: The New Industrial Revolution. Business Horizons, 55(2), pp.155-162 Brooks, M., 2012. 3D printing is enough to make anyone lose their cool. New Statesman, [online]. Available at: https://www.newstatesman.com/michael-brooks/2012/10/3d-printing-enough-make-anyone-lose-their-cool [Accessed 4 November 2012] D'Aveni, R., 2013. 3-D Printing Will Change the World - Harvard Business Review. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2013/03/3-d-printing-will-change-the-world/ Flaherty, J., 2012. Formlabs creates a low-cost, light-based 3D printer. Wired, [online]. Available at: https://www.wired.com/design/2012/09/formlabs-creates-a-low-cost-light-based-3-d-printer/ [Accessed 4 November 2012] Fratzl, P., Weinkamer, R., 2007. Nature's Hierarchical Materials. Progress in Materials Science, 52, pp.12631334 Greenemeier, L., 2013. To print the Impossible: 3D Printing. Scientific American , 308(5), pp. 44-47. Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., Stucker, B., 2010. Additive Manufacturing: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing. London: Springer Heathcote, E., Roux, C., Things ain't what they used to be... Financial Times, [online]. Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/b2a9fa26-19f3-11e2-a179-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2AlgrPOc6 [Accessed 4 November 2012] Hobson, R., 2012. Manufacturing dead? Not for long. We are all 3D printers now. London Loves Business, [online]. Available at: https://www.londonlovesbusiness.com/business-news/tech/manufacturing-dead-not-for-long-we-are-all-3d-printers-now/3119.article [Accessed 4 November 2012] Kamrani, A., Abouel, E., 2006. Rapid Prototyping: theory and practice. New York: Springer Kaur, S., 2012. How is "Internet of the 3D Printed Products" Going to affect our lives?. IETE Technical Review, 29(5), pp. 360-364. Lipson, H. Kurman, M., 2013. Fabricated: the new world of 3D printing. Indianapolis, Indiana: John Wiley Sons. Seitz, H. et al., 2005. Three-Dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical.

Religion and Death in Pompeii and Herculaneum free essay sample

Using the following sources and your own knowledge, discuss the importance of religion and death in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Religion and death was an important part of everyday life in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Romans, like the Greeks and Egyptians were polytheists who worshipped a variety of gods. This is evident in the temples, household shrines, cults and tombs that were found in the cities. Proper worship of the gods was believed to ensure peace, fertility and prosperity. All citizens were expected to be involved in religious rituals as they were believed to be necessary to win the favour of the gods. The Roman State Cult was centred on the worship of the gods Jupiter, the protector of the state, Juno, protector of women and Minerva, patroness of craftsmen. From the time of Augustus, an imperial cult developed under the influence of Greek hero cults and concepts of divine kingship. The emperor was worshipped at both Pompeii and Herculaneum and Augustales, who were the priests of Augustus, were appointed to administer the cult. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Death in Pompeii and Herculaneum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the empire grew, Romans were exposed to a variety a foreign cults introduced by traders, soldiers, migrating craftsmen and slaves. The cult of Isis was popular among Pompeians as she was the protector of women and children. At the Temple of Isis, there were daily prayers and rituals and throughout the year there were great festivals commemorating Isis rescue and restoration of Osiris. In both Pompeii and Herculaneum, evidence has been uncovered of the cult of Sabazius, a god of from Trace (northern Greece) and Asia Minor. Objects associated with the cult were uncovered in Pompeii which included two hands holding a figure of Sabazius. Not only were gods worshipped at temples, but the lares, who were the household gods, were also idolised because they were associated with places of crossing or entry. The shrine of the lares was often placed in the entry of the house, in the atrium. Each day the paterfamilias was responsible for leading the household prayers and for carrying out rituals to ensure the protection of the spirits. Offerings of incense flowers, fruits and special cakes were made at the shrines. As well as their worship of the gods, the Romans believed that the deceased entered into a shadowy existence in the underworld after death. Those who were happy successfully made the journey from the land living to the land of the dead. Many graves were dedicated both to the individual person buried and more generally to the spirits of the dead. At Pompeii, tombs were located outside the city walls, as required by the Roman law. The dead were usually cremated. The ashes were placed in an urn which was then placed inside the tomb or buried underground i the sacred enclosure within the tomb. Family rites were performed before the burial, but the paterfamilias then had the responsibility to ensure that the deceased received proper burial rites. Funeral processions included musicians and professional mourners. Family members wore wax masks of the ancestors s so that the protectors of the family line were present, thus retaining the link between the living and the dead. The importance of religion and death is shown throughout the various gods and goddesses, cults and tombs in Pompeii and Herculaneum. They all show how the cities have changed and adapted their styles of worship over many years.

Critical Literary Essay

Critical Literary Essay Critical Literary Essay While writing a critical essay you should analyze and explain one of the literary works such as drama, poetry or fiction. Your task is to explain the literary work by means of interpretations and analysis. The interpretation of the work requires your deep understanding of the text you are going to investigate. Interpretation is about your individual understanding of the literary work. Critical thinking essay requires a deep exploration of the text. The thesis statement should reflect your interpretation of the literary text. You should start your examination of the work with the overview of the title. The title informs about the main idea of the work. Read the text carefully to gain the understanding of the plot, setting, main and secondary characters, and the conflict in the text. In the process of critical literary essay writing, you should prove and support your interpretation - find several examples and quotes in literature that support your idea. While writing an essay, remember that you must persuade the reader that your point of view is the best one. It will depend on your arguments. While writing a critical essay, your point of view should be supported by secondary sources as well. You do not need to retell the story; brief summary will be enough. The critical literary essay writing is based on the assumption that the reader of your essay has read the text. Document all the secondary sources. The direct quotes should also be documented at the end of the literary essay. Usually, MLA style is the most appropriate for this type of essay writing. Critical Essay Outline The introduction of the critical literary essay consists of one paragraph that obviously includes thesis statement at the end of it. Give a brief presentation of your critical essay. Thesis statement will be your main idea that is meaning of examined text in your interpretation. Make sure that your introduction includes the name of the author and the title of literary work you write about in your critical essay. The subject of your critical writing is a topic. A thesis statement is a specific idea you are making about the chosen topic. You have to state a clear, strong, and interesting thesis which gains attention of the reader. While writing a critical essay body, give more detailed information on the literary work you are investigating. Describe setting, the main characters and the conflict in more details. Concentrate critical essay writing on your point of view. Write arguments that support your point of view. Conclusion is the final step of the critical essay writing that restat e your main ideas and thesis statement: Critical Essay Writing Help Seek assistance with writing a critical essay? Welcome to site! We can write a great critical literary essay for you on any book, article, or publication! Free revisions and free plagiarism report! Truly experienced writers are employed! Read more: Thesis Ideas Political Science Thesis PhD Thesis Writing Parts of a Thesis My Dissertation

Battle of Raymond in the Civil War

Battle of Raymond in the Civil War Battle of Raymond - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Raymond was fought May 12, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General James B. McPherson12,000 men Confederate Brigadier General John Gregg4,400 men Battle of Raymond - Background: In late 1862, Major General Ulysses S. Grant began efforts to capture the key Confederate bastion of Vicksburg, MS. Located high on the bluffs above the Mississippi, the city was key to controlling the river below. After several false starts, Grant elected to move south through Louisiana and cross the river south of Vicksburg. He was aided in this effort by Rear Admiral David D. Porters gunboats. On April 30, 1863, Grants Army of the Tennessee began crossing the Mississippi at Bruinsburg, MS. Sweeping aside Confederate defenders at Port Gibson, Grant moved inland. With Union forces to the south, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg, Lieutenant General John Pemberton, began organizing a defense outside of the city and calling for reinforcements from General Joseph E. Johnston. The bulk of these were directed to Jackson, MS though their transit to the city was hampered by damage inflicted to the railroads by Colonel Benjamin Griersons cavalry raid in April. With Grant advancing northeast, Pemberton expected the Union troops to directly drive on Vicksburg and began pulling back towards the city. Successfully keeping the enemy off balance, Grant instead set his sights on Jackson and cutting the Southern Railroad which connected the two cities. Using the Big Black River to cover his left flank, Grant advanced with Major General James B. McPhersons XVII Corps on the right with orders to proceed through Raymond to strike the railroad at Bolton. To McPhersons left, Major General John McClernands XIII Corps was to sever the Southern at Edwards while Major General William T. Shermans XV Corps was to attack between Edwards and Bolton at Midway (Map). Battle of Raymond - Gregg Arrives: In an effort to halt Grants advance towards Jackson, Pemberton directed that all reinforcements reaching the capital be sent twenty miles southwest to Raymond. Here he hoped to form a defensive line behind Fourteen Mile Creek. The first troops to arrive in Raymond were those of Brigadier General John Greggs over-strength brigade. Entering the town on May 11 with his tired men, Gregg found that local cavalry units had not properly posted guards on the area roads. Making camp, Gregg was unaware that McPhersons corps was approaching from the southwest. As the Confederates were resting, Grant ordered McPherson to push two divisions into Raymond by noon on May 12. To comply with this request, he directed Major General John Logans Third Division to lead the advance. Battle of Raymond - First Shots: Screened by Union cavalry, Logans men pushed towards Fourteen Mile Creek early on May 12. Learning from locals that a large Confederate force was ahead, Logan deployed the 20th Ohio into a long skirmish line and sent them towards the creek. Hampered by rough terrain and vegetation, the 20th Ohio moved slowly. Shortening the line, Logan pushed Brigadier General Elias Dennis Second Brigade forward into a field along the west bank of the creek. In Raymond, Gregg had recently received intelligence which implied that Grants main body was south of Edwards. As a result, when reports arrived of Union troops near the creek, he believed them to be part of a small raiding party. Marching his men from the town, Gregg concealed them on the hills overlooking the creek. Seeking to lure the Federals into a trap, he sent a small guard detachment to the bridge over the creek in the hope that the enemy would attack. Once the Union men were across the bridge, Gregg intended to overwhelm them. Around 10:00 AM, Union skirmishers pushed towards the bridge but halted in a nearby tree line rather than attacking. Then, to Greggs surprise, they brought forward artillery and began firing on the Confederates near the bridge. This development led Gregg to conclude he was facing a full brigade rather than a raiding force. Undeterred, he altered his plan and shifted his command to the left while preparing for a larger ambush. Once the enemy was across the creek, he intended to attack while also sending two regiments through the trees to strike the Union artillery. Battle of Raymond - Gregg Surprised: Across the creek, McPherson suspected a trap and directed the remainder of Logans division to move up. While one brigade was held in reserve, Brigadier General John E. Smiths brigade was quietly deployed on Dennis right. Ordering his troops to advance, Logans men moved slowly through the vegetation towards the deep banks of the creek. Due to a bend in the creek, the first across was the 23rd Indiana. Reaching the far bank, they came under heavy attack from Confederate forces. Hearing the enemy yell, Colonel Manning Force led his 20th Ohio to the 23rd Indianas aid. Coming under fire, the Ohioans used the creek bed for cover. From this position they engaged the 7th Texas and 3rd Tennessee. Hard pressed, Force requested the 20th Illinois to advance to his regiments aid (Map). Surging past the 20th Ohio, the Confederates pushed forward and soon encountered Logans main body which was in a nearby tree line. As the two sides exchanged fire, the Union troops at the creek began falling back to join their comrades. In an effort to better understand the situation, McPherson and Logan directed Union forces to withdraw a short distance back to a fence line. Establishing a new position, they were pursued by the two Confederate regiments who believed the enemy was fleeing. Encountering the new Union line, they began to take heavy losses. Their situation quickly worsened when the 31st Illinois, which had been posted on Logans right began attacking their flank. Battle of Raymond - Union Victory: On the Confederate left, the two regiments that Gregg had ordered to get into the enemys rear, the 50th Tennessee and consolidated 10th/30th Tennessee, pushed forward and scattered the Union cavalry screen. Seeing his cavalry retreating, Logan became concerned about his right flank. Racing around the field, he pulled two regiments from Brigadier General John Stevensons reserve brigade to plug holes in the line and dispatched two more, the 7th Missouri and 32nd Ohio, to cover the Union right. These troops were later joined by additional regiments from Brigadier General Marcellus Crockers division. As the 50th and 10th/30th Tennessees emerged from the trees and saw the Union troops, it quickly became clear to Gregg that he was not engaging an enemy brigade, but rather an entire division. As the 50th and 10th/30th Tennessees pulled back into the trees, the 3rd Tennessee began to crumble as the flanking fire from the 31st Illinois took its toll. As the Tennessee regiment disintegrated, the 7th Texas came under fire from the entire Union line. Attacked by the 8th Illinois, the Texans finally broke and fled back across the creek with Union forces in pursuit. Seeking new instructions, Colonel Randal McGavock of the 10th/30th Tennessee dispatched an aide to Gregg. Unable to find their commander, the aide returned and informed McGavock of the Confederate collapse to their right. Without informing the 50th Tennessee, McGavock advanced his men on an angle to attack the Union pursuers. Charging forward, they began to slow Logans advance until they were taken in the flank by the 31st Illinois. Sustaining heavy losses, including McGavock, the regiment began a fighting withdrawal to a nearby hill. Here they were joined by Greggs reserve, the 41st Tennessee, as well as remnants of other shattered regiments. Pausing to reform their men, McPherson and Logan began firing on the hill. This continued as the day passed. Frantically attempting to restore order to his command, Gregg saw McPhersons line moving to flank his position on the hill. Lacking the resources to contest this, he began retreating towards Jackson. Fighting a delaying action to cover the withdrawal, Greggs troops took growing losses from Union artillery before fully disengaging. Battle of Raymond - Aftermath: In the fighting at the Battle of Raymond, McPhersons corps sustained 68 killed, 341 wounded, and 37 missing while Gregg lost 100 killed, 305 wounded, and 415 captured. As Gregg and arriving Confederate reinforcements were concentrating at Jackson, Grant decided to mount a major effort against the city. Winning the Battle of Jackson on May 14, he captured the Mississippi capital and destroyed its rail connections to Vicksburg. Turning west to deal with Pemberton, Grant defeated the Confederate commander at Champion Hill (May 16) and Big Black River Bridge (May 17). Falling back to the Vicksburg defenses, Pemberton turned back two Union assaults but ultimately lost the city after a siege which ended on July 4. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of RaymondBattle of RaymondNational Park Service: Battle of Raymond

Film Kal Penn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Kal Penn - Research Paper Example Kal Penn, born in New Jersey in the year 1977, grew up in traditional Indian family. Both of his parents were gujarattti immigrants from India. Most of his roles in his films seem to address racial discrimination. Since his parents were immigrants, he faced racial discrimination from the people in his surroundings. His passion was acting since his childhood. Playing this role in his films may help curb the problem of racial discrimination in America. Films are a form of communication where the information reaches the audience when watching. Kal Penn later involved himself in acting both in school and after school. After landing in television shows like Buffy the vampire slayer, spin the city, and Sabrina the teenage witch, his biography shows us that the work was challenging. His work was sporadic and limited to ethnic roles. At first, he was reluctant at his work to a point where his friends advised him. From this point, he proceeded to change his name (Holder2005 85). This implies the resistance Kal Penn was getting from the audience. Changing his name made his job offers increase by 50%. This implied that Kal Penn could not get job offers because his name was for an Indian. Additionally, the film industry and the media seem to be highly practicing racial profiling. They most likely offered job opportunities to the American dwellers. Again, in his romantic film; American Desi, which explored race and identity of young ethnic group, shows his efforts to explore in the field of racial profiling. Most people face discrimination in love because of their skin color, ethnic group, or religion. The fact that Penny is an Indian actor can make him face discrimination from the Americans. This film illustrates racism practices by the young people. Arguably, Kal Penn seems to fight racial profiling because he turns down his role as a teenage terrorist cast as Ahmed Amar, which he

British Slavery in the Middle of the 18th Century Essay

British Slavery in the Middle of the 18th Century - Essay Example This paper declares that  in Britain colonies, the white masters owned black domestics and the number of black servants one had showed their position or wealth. With time, owning slaves became a trendy habit and slaves were imported to satisfy these tastes. In England, slaves were more than rejects and worthless people in the growing Atlantic empire. Slavery suited Africans since the whites regarded them as less human, which then made them predators of slavery system that removed them from their homelands and cast them ashore in Europe particularly Britain. In Britain, forcing slaves into horrible labour involved justifications from the Bible and ancient Greek practise.From the discussion it is clear that  the definition of Britain as the largest slave trafficker globally was highly due to London. It was in London where the earliest slave traffickers like John Hawkins lived in the 16th century. In addition, the early seventeenth century saw the creation of monopoly firms by Royal Charter with the objective of slave trade. Slave trade companies located in London included The Royal Africa Company and the Royal Adventurers. Ports in London played the crucial role of sending ships to Africa and America, and handling and processing most slave-produced goods and sugar into Britain. Obtaining slaves from African states was not an easy task and at times, it involved random raids by Europeans before becoming a regular commerce.

Dynamic Domain Name Server Essay Example for Free

Dynamic Domain Name Server Essay The DNS is the IETF a standardized name service which enable the computer clients on a network to successfully register as well as resolve their DNS domain names. Such names are used in resource access by computers in a networked environment and from other connected networks. The Domain name space The DNS Name Server is a server that stores the domain name space and the related resource records. It also responds to queries requested by the DNS clients. The Domain Name Service query operation A query operation is issued by the DNS client to the DNS server to get either the entire or part of the resource record information that is associated to a certain domain. In case the domain and the resource record exist, the Domain Name Service responds to the query with required information in a form of query respond message. This replied query message changes the initial query and the response with the necessary records provided the DNS server is able to get the required resource record. The DNS query identified in the RFC 1034 is a typical query that comprise of the target domains name, the query class and the query type. A request for a particular resource record is submitted in the query for intended domain resolver. DNS Zones The DNS server that contains full information for a particular DNS name space is considered to have the authority on such name space. In addition, the authoritative information in the server is organized into smaller units referred to as zones that are the major units for DNS replications. The Domain Name Server administrator is responsible for the management and maintenance of DNS namespace, the DNS clients, the zone propagation, DNS zones, and the DNS servers. The administrator also maintains the network security through the anticipation and the control of the new security threats. The Domain Name Server administrator is concerned with the DNS integration with several other windows server services. Conclusion The Domain Name Server that stores full information for a particular DNS name space is considered to be authoritative on such a name space. References Mockapetris, P. , (2003). RFC 1034, Domain Names Concepts and Facilities. Atlanta . The Internet Society

Sjogren Syndrome Support Group Plan

Sjogren Syndrome Support Group Plan Punit Dave TABLE OF CONTENT (JUMP TO) INTRODUCTION Overview Challenges PROPOSED PLAN Leverage Points Effectiveness Success Metrics Future Planning Schedule Staff Budget CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW In partnership with University of Houston Medicine and Technology department and American Association of Rheumatologist we are the only national nonprofit support group to provide education, awareness, regular checkup, and research for Sjogren syndrome. In autoimmune disease the immune system attack and destroys the monsieur producing glans throughout the person’s body. Sjogren is the second most common autoimmune disease in United States; which effecting estimated 5 million people in United State. The Sjogren is three times more common than related disease like, Lupus, Multiple sclerosis and it is more common among women then breast cancer. The nine out of the ten Sjogren patients are women. The Sjogren syndrome patients suffer from verity of symptoms that range from dry eye and dry mouth to chronic fatigue and muscling joint pain. This disease also effect internal organs and internal nerve systems. In anticipation of people become familiar with disease and its symptoms; it w ill remain difficult to diagnose everyone who suffering from Sjogren syndrome. That’s why our community continues to fight for patients who aren’t able to explain their diseases or confused by the many facets of the diseases. Our community dedicated to raising awareness, so some day the patient diagnoses with Sjogren then he or she will have heard of it and will know where to turn for support and guidance. CHALLENGES With Sjogren the correct diagnosed is often difficult to obtain. It will take around 4.7 years to correctly diagnose the Sjogren, because the Sjogren’s symptoms often mimic other condition and diseases. Sjogren is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Patients will discuss dry eye with optometrist, dry mouth with their dentist or joint pain with their primary doctors. Each symptom alone wouldn’t suggest an autoimmune disease but couple symptoms together will lead physicians to suspect Sjogren. This is why increasing awareness among the general public is very important. We strongly recommend Sjogren’s patients get treatment form one doctor. Changing the doctors won’t cure Sjogren but it often creates confusions among the doctors and patients. Getting treatment from multiple doctors’ also lead to wrong medications, diagnostic and it will hurt patients financially and medically. With a help from university of Houston medicine department and AAR we provide many medical checkup, medical guideline and nutrition plans to our members so, they always get right advice and treatments. PROPOSED PLAN LEVERAGE POINTS Sjogren Syndrome support Group is the leading advocate for Sjogren’s patients. We have dynamic volunteers, medical, scientific advisory board and researchers who work in Sjogren’s and recognized nationwide. Together with this volunteers and healthcare professionals, our group has been able to implement programs such as the first ever clinical practice guidelines for Sjogren’s. This guideline gives Sjogren’s physicians a road map for how to treat, monitor and manage sjogren in their patients. This is just one example of our support group on how we achieving our mission and changing the life of sjogren patients. EFFECTIVENESS Sjogren Syndrome Support Group stands on our founding principal of putting the patients first. From our 10 plus patients run support groups to our hundreds technical volunteers we serve our members with an ability to connect with others who have Sjogren’s. Our programs of educations always involve our volunteers to help review our educational materials, conference topics and Sjogren’s content. Our research grants from our sponsors are also awarded based on innovations. It we will help us to change the field of Sjogren’s the fastest to estimate the greatest gain for sjogren patients. I believe our group is effective because of patient voice is never forgotten. SUCCESS METRICS What are the metrics of success for our group? The Sjogren Syndrome Support Group measures the impact and success by many variables. For example our support group manages over 50 support groups in Houston area. Prints many newsletters and distribute hundreds of brochures each year. The American association of rheumatologist distributes important guidelines to each patient and provides the advice to join our support group. It will give patients an opportunity to share their thoughts with others and help others to overcome from this situation. Most importantly our support group always uses metrics to gage the success of every campaign, every program and every project. We set goals, we set objectives and then we evaluate them against the simple questions of how do these impacts on life of Sjogren’s patients. FUTURE PLANNING Additional support from CCHP would help us expand our education and awareness programs. This support would enable us to attended more professional conferences to educate healthcare professionals. Additional reassures would also allowed our support group to distribute materials to more specialist which would ultimately assist us to reaching patients who may be suffering from particular symptoms, but didn’t realize the cause could be a systemic diseases such as Sjogren. Finally, for support the patient and cure of Sjogren, more funding needed that way our support group can produce national awareness campaign and reach the 3million penitents there are not yet diagnosed. SCHEDULE (May 10 2014 – August 30 2014) STAFF We excited about future of Sjogren and we really around pace for great discoveries, but in order to make Sjogren a household name we need everyone’s support and help for more awareness, raise funds and volunteers. We have hundreds of volunteers and volunteers board of directors to help and support our group. Along with that we have healthcare professionals from Medical and Scientific Advisory Board (MSAB) and American Association of Rheumatologist (AAR) to stands for the wide range of specialties involved in Sjogren’s diagnose treatment and research. BUDGET CONCLUSION It is a proud moment for us that, we are premier organization in Sjogren research and support group funding. However more funding is needed as more talented researchers are taking interest in Sjogren. Our support group’s goal is to finding an additional funding to support these groundbreaking projects. Without increase support from research we cannot fund this projects and thus thing must be turn away. Our hope is one day all Sjogrens research and support group adequately funded so patients can have the answers for their disease. Being a Sjogren’s patient is challenging, but neither having a therapy to treat your disease nor understating what causing it is heartbreaking. REFERENCES Autoimmune Disease Coordinating Committee. (n.d.).. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://autoimmune.pathology.jhmi.edu/adrp.pdf American Collage of Rheumatology. (n.d.).. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.rheumatology.org/ Grant Writing. (n.d.).Sample Budget and Narrative -. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.netplaces.com/grant-writing/developing-a-budget-and-budget-narrative/sample-budget-and-narrative.htm Sjà ¶grens Syndrome Foundation Scientific Initiatives. (n.d.).Sjà ¶grens Syndrome Foundation Scientific Initiatives. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.Sjogrens.org/home/research-programs/scientific-initiatives Sjogrens syndrome. (n.d.).Definition. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/Sjogrens-syndrome/basics/definition/con-20020275 When an Autoimmune Disorder Forces You to Alter Your Life Plans Autoimmune Disorders Center Everyday Health. (n.d.).EverydayHealth.com. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.everydayhealth.com/autoimmune-disorders/when-an-autoimmune-disorder-alters-your-life-plans.aspx

Optical Fiber Corp Case Analysis

Case Analysis: Optical Fiber Corporation Introduction Optical Fiber Corporation (OFC) is a financially successful, albeit relatively small manufacturer of multimode optical fibers. The company was founded in 1990. The founders were able to enter the market largely on the basis of acquiring patent licenses from larger optical fiber firms. These licenses restricted competition between the entities and provided OFC with instant access to optical fiber technology. In return, OFC’s customer base is limited by the license agreements and royalties of 7% on sales of licensed products (recently renegotiated to 9%) are paid to the licensors.Despite these handicaps the firm has grown in size and profitability. OFC makes several types of multimode optical fiber including specialty niche products they have developed outside of any license agreements. All customers are cable manufacturers that convert the fibers to optical fiber cable. Three such firms account for over 70% of OFC’s r evenues. Focusing on customer service, quality and product design and process improvements has proved a winning business model to date. OFC now faces a variety of challenges including the expiration of many of the patents that afford most of its profits.This raises the real possibility of new competitors in the market. Further, while in the past multimode and single mode optical fibers have generally been used for data communications and telecommunications respectively and as such were not in direct competition with each other, the advent of cheaper manufacturing processes for single mode fibers coupled with their inherent ability to transmit data more efficiently over longer distances may make them a more appealing choice for some of the uses that historically have favored multimode fibers.OFC is at now at a crossroads where they must decide if they are to stay in the multimode fiber business only, begin producing single mode fibers as well, or even enter the cabling business with a forward integration strategy. Competition in the Optical Fiber Industry The optical fiber industry is perhaps best considered as two industries that are closely related, the multimode fiber and the single mode fiber industries. The multimode industry in which OFC specializes is very competitive. The United States’ 2001 total optical fiber market was approximately 3. 5 million kilometers only 330 thousand of which was multimode.The value of the multimode market was $65 million that year, only a fifth that of the single mode market. Within the multimode market and a number of fiber manufacturers. The main rivals for OFC are the two licensors to whom they pay royalties. These firms are considerably larger and have greater resources with which to compete. Further, they have a competitive advantage in that they are the recipients of royalty payments rather than the firm making those payments. Also they are in a position to control the extent of OFC’s market penetration at least with respect to their licensed products.OFC has responded by creating high quality products and providing exceptional customer service. In addition, OFC has made improvements to the basic design of some of the licensed fibers making them, in a real sense new products. The R and D department at OFC has also been successful at developing new and less expensive manufacturing processes, which has helped to offset the added overhead of the royalty payments. Finally, OFC has developed specialty fibers with medical, aircraft, aerospace and extreme environment applications.These new fibers will not be subject to royalty payments, competition from new entrants until patents expire years in the future, and generally afford higher profit margins than other optical fiber products. New entrants to the market are a threat to OFC and all other fiber producers. New firms must contend with the high capitalization costs of this technologically demanding and exacting industry. One of the costs of optical fiber production is the R and D required to bring successful products to market. Between 1999 and 2007 the patents for many of the basic fibers produced by OFC and its licensors will expire.New firms entering the market will be free to produce the products once protected under those patents without having incurred any R and D costs. These firms will also be free from royalty payments to licensors or any restrictive covenants such as those under which OFC operates. The industry in general, and OFC in particular, must contend with the purchasing power of its buyers. Optical fiber is converted into optical fiber cable. In the United States there are twenty companies that perform this function. OFC sells over 70% of their fiber to just three.The loss of any of these accounts could be devastating for OFC and places them in a weak position when negotiating prices, at least when the products are those which are readily available from other multimode fiber producers. It is doubtf ul that switching costs would be high for buyers. Favoring OFC and the optical fiber market are the projections for increased demand for multimode optical fibers at least through the mid 2000’s. Sources of increased demand for multimode fiber are anticipated to include: cable TV, undersea cables, local area networks (LAN) as well as general data communications growth such as computer uses.As noted the single mode optical fiber market is much larger than the multimode market. It too, is expected to see significant growth over the next several years. Single mode fibers have the advantage of efficiently transmitting data over long distances, faster transmission rates and other desirable optical properties but until recently have been more expensive to produce. The advent of cheaper production methods will allow single mode fibers to enter markets that were once dominated by multimode fibers.Production of these fibers requires expensive specialized manufacturing equipment and a s ignificant commitment to R and D. The industry includes one of the OFC licensors. Substitute products for single mode fibers include microwaves, and satellites for telecommunications. Impact seems limited. Copper wire can be used as a substitute for the fiber-to-home and fiber-to-curb applications of either multimode or single mode fibers but by the mid 2000’s the lowered cost of production of single mode fibers will likely make this the preferred choice for these functions.Finally, it should be noted that suppliers are unlikely to exert competitive forces on the fiber optics markets. The materials used in the production of fibers are commodities of low value such as glass, certain gases and oxide particles. OFC Strengths OFC has many strengths. The firm is financially strong with record sales and earnings for the last year as well as increased manufacturing capacity. Furthermore, there was a $20 million backlog for optical fibers in the last year and orders are increasing. T here was net income of $6. 1million on revenue of $48. million in 2002. The Quick Ratio, a measure of a firm’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations (Current Assets – Inventories)/Current Liabilities = ($31. 0m – $6. 6m)/$12. 5 = 2. 0 is very solid. Return on equity (Net Income/Equity) = $6. 1m/$44. 0m = 13. 9% is also very impressive. OFC has developed new specialty products for medical, military, commercial aircraft, aerospace and severe environment uses. These are likely to receive patents and will not require royalty payments and will be protected from competitors for years to come.The firm has a variety of options to confront the challenges of the changing market place. OFC has patent licenses to produce optical cables that would allow for forward integration if they chose to move in that direction. Engineers at OFC have been able to find new ways to produce old products more efficiently reducing production costs. They have also developed adaptations of existing products to create new and unique demands for those products. OFC is in an industry that is expected to enjoy strong growth for at least the next several years.That demand will come from a variety of industries adding stability to the market. The equipment needed to produce optical fiber is expensive and the expertise demanding creating, a relative barrier to entry. Copper wire as a substitute is relatively expensive and as technological advances decrease the cost of optical fibers copper will become a non-entity. Perhaps most importantly, OFC has a strong reputation for quality, service and competitive pricing. OFC Weaknesses OFC is a small company. They were only able to enter the market by virtue of other firms’ products and license agreements.Those licenses have protected OFC from competition but have also limited the scope of its customer base and added significant fixed costs in royalty payments. Royalties will now increase to 9% (after paying a one time $3 million fee) on 85% of sales. Furthermore, while OFC is paying royalties to use these patents new entrants may soon be competing as patents expire. These firms will have essentially no R and D expense and of course no royalty payments potentially allowing them to produce at costs below those of OFC.OFC must also contend with a limited number of buyers. Over 70% of sales are to just three cable producers. The ability of OFC to increase prices to these large purchasers is doubtful. If even one of these customers were lost to an alternative fiber optic producer the effect on OFC could be dramatic. OFC operates in a competitive industry that will become more so with time. Copper wire manufacturers will turn to optical cable production to stay relevant. Overseas producers, already sources of competition to OFC, are likely to play a larger role in the future.Finally, OFC’s success has been built on quality, service and innovation. One or more competitor can potentially offer all of these. OFC’s Core Competencies OFC manufactures multimode, high quality optical fiber for cabling companies that convert that fiber into cable for a variety of data communications uses. The firm has a reputation for low prices and excellent customer service. Much of their success can be attributed to their R and D program, which has developed cost saving production technologies as well as product innovations.More recently, OFC has shown itself to be an innovator, developing entirely new multimode optical fiber products that fill a variety of unique niche functions. To continue producing and selling multimode optical fiber successfully, OFC needs to prepare for increased competition as patent protections expire. As new entrants begin producing many of the higher volume OFC products, likely at lower cost given their lack of R and D and royalty expenses, OFC will need to spend additional resources on developing decreased costs of production if they are to continue selling those products profitably.They will need to maintain their focus on quality and customer service. In part that will require continued product testing. They may wish to explore, however, if testing 100% of products as is current policy is necessary or if testing samples from each batch would serve as well and save money. OFC will need to continue to support R and D to develop new products and patentable improvements on existing ones. Options Available for Growth Pursuit of Niche Markets OFC has already demonstrated an ability to develop marketable niche multimode fibers. Previously created are fibers able to withstand high radiation nvironments for nuclear reactor and military applications, a fiber that can tolerate deep underwater submersion and a third tolerant of high heat conditions. They have also successfully experimented with a fiber capable of transmitting UV light and another with unique medical and scientific uses. To continue their development program for specialty fibers will require annual R and D spending increases of $400,000 and an additional annual expenditure for three new staff totaling $325,000. Outside firms can be hired to handle sales for 10% commissions.When sales volumes are adequate, salaried OFC employees can be used instead. The calculation as to when this makes financial sense for the firm is simple; when 10% of sales exceed the salary and benefit expenses of the needed in-house sales force then sales should become an OFC operation. The advantage of niche products is the lack of competition and relatively higher margins. Develop Single Mode Fiber Capacity OFC could choose to enter the much larger single mode fiber market. It is estimated that this will require a capital investment of $4 million for new plant and equipment.It will take a year for the new facilities to be operational. There will also be a reported one time R and D expense of $2. 5 million. This is a first year expense so it cannot be capitalized. It can reasonably be assum ed that there will be additional R and D expenses going forward although presumably these would be considerably lower than the initial expense. Entering the single mode market places OFC in competition with larger firms than it currently faces with greater resources to sell products with thinner margins and would divert OFC resources from their core business functions.Forward Integration A third option for OFC is to produce optical cable. The required patent licenses are available. Two options for this forward integration strategy exist. OFC can commit $5 million in capital investments and plan on spending an additional $500,000 annually for R and D or they can simply purchase a cabling company for an estimated $10 – 15 million in capital expenditure. There is currently an excess supply of cable and cabling firms and several are in danger of bankruptcy and so an acquisition should be feasible. Forward integration raises several concerns.Regardless of the approach taken, enter ing the fiber optic cable business will be expensive for OFC. This is a market that is already experiencing an excess of capacity so it can be assumed that at least for some time to come profits in the cabling industry will be squeezed. This is not a core business function of OFC but to pursue cable production will be so expensive as to necessarily draw resources away from some of the firm’s core activities, activities that are likely to be more profitable and entail less financial risk. Finally, one needs to consider that all of OFC’s customers are cable producers.If OFC enters this market they will become a competitor of their customers. It seems highly probable that at least some of these optical fiber buyers will respond in a retaliatory manner and switch to alternate suppliers. Most of OFC’s products are not unique and can be supplied by their licensors. The three large buyers would seem in a particularly strong position to adversely respond to any entry in to the cabling market by OFC. OFC Policy Statement In choosing a direction for the future growth of OFC several considerations should be kept in mind. First, OFC has been successful in large part because of its focus on quality.Any efforts at growth should not come at the expense of producing high quality products. Second, the firm must continue to provide a high level of customer service. This should include responsiveness to customers’ needs for new products and product features when those offerings are commensurate with the firm’s vision, available or attainable expertise and when economically viable. Finally, the firm should continue to fund R and D efforts to allow for a continuous pipeline of new products and improvements to existing ones in an effort to maintain a unique competitive position in the market.OFC has been successful in competing against larger firms by avoiding head to head competition. Initially this was accomplished through license agreements alon e. Later, the firm was able to create unique improvements to existing products and processes that gave it an advantage. Most recently OFC has created unique patentable products. These represent three different ways of avoiding direct competition. Despite their growth, OFC remains a relatively small firm in the optical fiber space and should continue to eschew direct competition when possible, realizing that the market is dominated by larger and better-funded firms.Recommendations OFC should stay out of the cable producing business. This market is the least profitable, most expensive to enter and likely to have the lowest return on investment. It is also likely to result in retaliation by current customers and reduced sales. The single mode market is much larger than the multimode market but as a consequence will bring OFC in contact with larger firms that already have the equipment and knowledge base to produce these products. A small firm with limited resources should not leave its core competencies behind to take on firms that are already in place.OFC needs to continue to make niche products whether they are improvements on old multimode fibers or new fibers with unique properties and functions. This firm will never be a big player in the highly competitive optical fiber industry, they arrived too late and don’t have the capital to displace the dominant firms. Given that projections are for most of the increased demand for optical fibers to occur through the mid to late 2000’s OFC may want to watch for an opportune time to sell to one of these larger entities, perhaps a single mode fiber producer to whom the OFC product line would prove complimentary.

Reaction Paper: Always

It all started with a quite bit of confusion. I thought the film was about the history of Japan or whatever but then as we arrived in the cinema and start watching the movie I got curious why it was like a comedy and a little bit drama kind of movie. The movie was set back on 1958 at the time of the construction of the Tokyo Tower so the screen’s color was brownish (Classic) and the actors and actresses’ dress were classic too. There are two 2 families in this story the Suzuki family and the Chagawa family. The Suzuki family was more capable than Chakagawa family. To start the story, it is about a teenage girl named Mutsuko arrives in Tokyo to take a job in a major automotive company but finds that she is employed by a small auto repair shop owned by Suzuki. The Suzuki shop lies almost in the shadow of the Tokyo Tower as it rises steadily above the skyline during construction in 1958. Others in the neighborhood also are striving to better themselves as Japan continues to emerge from the shadow of war. Abandoned by his single mother, young Junnosuke is first handed off to Hiromi but she passes him off to Ryunosuke Chagawa, a struggling writer who only manages to sell adventure stories for boys as his serious novels continue to be rejected.. This two families are sometimes not in good terms but in the end they all became friends when Hiromi give birth to her baby while they’re watching the Olympics. I like the movie so much, actually to be honest it made my cry. Especially in the scene of Ryunosuke Chagawa when he knew that his father loves him so much, that his father bought all the episodes of his book. It’s like, for how many years of pain and for how many years that he was mad with his father still, father is a father. And the scene of Junnosuke when he needs to come back home because he forgot the pen the Chagawa gave when he’s still a child. Then I was also amazed in what Japan did in the opening of Olympics in that year. I was like â€Å"Wow! Astig! †. They made the 5 rings of Olympics’ logo by the jets, the jets were the one who draw it. The movies is very beautiful, simple and fantastic it is about everyday difficulties and joys of people. What I like most in this movie and to conclude it all, I love or like this movie because it was filled with bits of memorable moments that would send you bursting out with laughter while tears are still continuing to fill up your eyes. I promise to recommend this movie to my family, friends and other classmates. One of the best movie I’ve ever watched.

A Biography of Geographer Ellen Churchill Semple

A Biography of Geographer Ellen Churchill Semple Ellen Churchill Semple will long be remembered for her contributions to American geography despite her association with the long-disregarded topic of environmental determinism. Ellen Semple was born in the midst of the Civil War in Louisville, Kentucky on January 8, 1863. Her father was a fairly affluent owner of a hardware store and her mother took care of Ellen and her six (or possibly four) siblings. Ellens mother encouraged the children to read and Ellen was especially enamored with books about history and travel. As a young person, she enjoyed horseback riding and tennis. Semple attended public and private schools in Louisville until she was sixteen when she headed off to college in Poughkeepsie, New York. Semple attended Vassar College where she earned her bachelors degree in history at the age of nineteen. She was the class valedictorian, gave the commencement address, was one of thirty-nine female graduates, and was the youngest graduate in 1882. Following Vassar, Semple returned to Louisville where she taught at the private school operated by her older sister; she also became active in local Louisville society. Neither teaching nor social engagements interested her enough, she desired much more intellectual stimulation. Fortunately, she had a chance to escape her boredom. To Europe In an 1887 trip to London with her mother, Semple met an American man who had just completed a Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig (Germany). The man, Duren Ward, told Semple about a dynamic professor of geography at Leipzig named Friedrich Ratzel. Ward loaned Semple a copy of Ratzels book, Anthropogeographie, which she immersed herself in for months and subsequently decided to study under Ratzel at Leipzig. She returned home to finish work on a masters degree by writing a thesis titled Slavery: A Study in Sociology and by studying sociology, economics, and history. She earned her masters degree in 1891 and rushed to Leipzig to study under Ratzel. She obtained accommodations with a local German family in order to improve her abilities in the German language. In 1891, women were not allowed to be enrolled in German universities although by special permission they could be allowed to attend lectures and seminars. Semple met Ratzel and obtained permission to attend his courses. She had to sit apart from the men in the classroom so in her first class, she sat in the front row alone among 500 men. She remained at the University of Leipzeg through 1892 and then returned again in 1895 for additional study under Ratzel. Since she could not enroll at the university, she never earned a degree from her studies under Ratzel and therefore, never actually obtained an advanced degree in geography. Although she Semple was well-known in the geography circles of Germany, she was relatively unknown in American geography. Upon returning to the United States, she began to research, write, and publish articles and began to gain a name for herself in American geography. Her 1897 article in the Journal of School Geography, The Influence of the Appalachian Barrier upon Colonial History was her first academic publication. In this article, she showed that anthropological research could indeed be studied in the field. Becoming an American Geographer What established Semple as a true geographer was her outstanding field work and research into the people of the Kentucky highlands. For over a year, Semple explored the mountains of her home state and discovered niche communities that had not changed much since they were first settled. The English spoken in some of these communities still carried a British accent. This work was published in 1901 in the article The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains, a Study in Antropogeography in the Geographical Journal. Semples writing style was a literary one and she was a fascinating lecturer, which encouraged interest in her work. In 1933, Semple disciple Charles C. Colby wrote about the impact of Semples Kentucky article, Probably this brief article has fired more American students to interest in geography than any other article ever written. There was a strong interest in Ratzels ideas in America so Ratzel encouraged Semple to make his ideas known to the English-speaking world. He asked that she translate his publications but Semple did not agree with Ratzels idea of the organic state so she decided to publish her own book based on his ideas. American History and Its Geographic Conditions was published in 1903. It gained wide acclaim and was still required reading in many geography departments across the United States in the 1930s. Continue to Page Two Her Career Takes Off The publication of her first book launched Semples career. In 1904, she became one of the forty-eight charter members of the Association of American Geographers, under the presidency of William Morris Davis. That same year she was appointed Associate Editor of the Journal of Geography, a position she retained until 1910. In 1906, she was recruited by the countrys first Department of Geography, at the University of Chicago. (The Department of Geography at the University of Chicago was established in 1903.) She remained affiliated with the University of Chicago until 1924 and taught there in alternating years. Semples second major book was published in 1911. Influences of Geographic Environment further expounded on Semples environmental deterministic viewpoint. She felt that climate and geographic location was the major cause of a persons actions. In the book, she cataloged countless examples to prove her point. For example, she reported that those who live in mountain passes are usually robbers. She provided case studies to prove her point but she didnt include or discuss counter examples that could prove her theory wrong. Semple was an academic of her era and while her ideas can be considered racist or exceedingly simple today, she opened up new arenas of thought within the discipline of geography. Later geographic thought rejected the simple cause and effect of Semples day. That same year, Semple and a few friends took a trip to Asia and visited Japan (for three months), China, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. The trip provided a tremendous amount of fodder for additional articles and presentations over the next few years. In 1915, Semple developed her passion for the geography of the Mediterranean region and spent much of her time researching and writing about this portion of the world for the remainder of her life. In 1912, she taught geography at Oxford University and was a lecturer at Wellesley College, the University of Colorado, Western Kentucky University, and UCLA over the course of the next two decades. During World War I, Semple responded to the war effort as did most geographers by giving lectures to officers about the geography of the Italian front. After the war, she continued her teaching. In 1921, Semple was elected President of the Association of American Geographers and accepted a position as a Professor of Anthropogeography at Clark University, a position she held until her death. At Clark, she taught seminars to graduate students in the fall semester and spent the spring semester researching and writing. Throughout her academic career, she averaged one important paper or book each year. Later in Life The University of Kentucky honored Semple in 1923 with an honorary doctorate degree in law and established the Ellen Churchill Semple Room to house her private library. Stricken with a heart attack in 1929, Semple began to succumb to ill health. During this time she was working on her third important book - about the geography of the Mediterranean. Following a lengthy hospital stay, she was able to move to a home adjacent to Clark University and with the help of a student, she published Geography of the Mediterranean Region in 1931. She moved from Worcester, Massachusetts (the location of Clark University) to the warmer climate of Ashevlle, North Carolina in late 1931 in an attempt to restore her health. Doctors there recommend an even milder climate and lower elevation so a month later she moved to West Palm Beach, Florida. She died in West Palm Beach on May 8, 1932 and was buried at the Cave Hill Cemetery in her hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. A few months after her death, the Ellen C. Semple School was dedicated in Louisville, Kentucky. Semple School is still in existence today. The University of Kentucky Geography Department hosts an Ellen Churchill Semple Day every spring to honor the discipline of geography and its accomplishments. Despite Carl Sauers assertion that Semple was a mere American mouthpiece for her German master, Ellen Semple was a prolific geographer who served the discipline well and succeeded despite tremendous obstacles for her gender in the halls of academia. She definitely deserves to be recognized for her contribution to the advancement of geography.

Instructional Technology in School essays

Instructional Technology in School essays One example of instructional technology that promotes learning in an educational setting is the computer. Nowadays, a computer is considered as an important element in most of our activities. Especially in learning, the computer plays a significant role in providing us with diverse information, which, in the past decades, we used to obtain only from books and libraries. In the continuous growth of technological innovations, there are already a great number of computer-based learning tools that were developed to enrich the experience of learning in schools. This includes the different educational software that can be used as supplements to the Computers are considered as important instructional technology because it promotes a better learning to students. For instance, compared to the traditional method of using chalk and board in the teaching process, an instructional software about mathematics that features graphics and colors, learning games, different audio-visual effects, and allows the learners to interact with the computer, affects the interest and motivation of students The technique of providing interactive process of learning through computers, as supplements to the traditional form of teaching, was found to present advantages to the cognitive development of students. Thus, a number of researches and studies suggest that computers are appropriate tool in instructional methodology in an educational setting. From a study conducted by Michael Thomas and David Tall, in their investigation on the benefits of using a computer in algebra teaching, they indicated that computer experiences encourages a more versatile form of thinking (Thomas Tall). Moreover, according to Haugland (1992), as indicated in the online Research has shown that 3- and 4-year-old children who use computers ...

Favorite Social Sciences Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Favorite Social Sciences Book - Essay Example The wings of social science that include History, Geography, and Anthropology can be taught to the students with interesting lessons and exercises not only for enhancing the power of teaching, but learning as well. The method of integrating social studies with the entire curriculum is one of the most positive aspects of this book. The reasons for which I prefer this book are the exercises and explanations that are offered in tabulated format, which makes it easier to grasp for the children belonging to the elementary age group (Brophy Alleman and Halvorsen 263-270) After reading the book, I asked the children to talk to each other about the concepts that were discussed in order to find out whether they understood them or how much they intended to share. Social science is about understanding the events that are real and the lessons that can be learnt from them. Yes there are various ways in which the children can discuss the concepts and the lessons with each other. In other words, the presentation of the book is attractive and capable of inspiring the students to learn the lessons of social

Continunity between work and retirement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Continunity between work and retirement - Essay Example Just like there is work ethic, there is also busy ethic for the retirees that requires an active life (David Ekerdt, 1986) As can be deduced from Ekerdt (1986), a good retirement ideally entails being involved in productive activities just like during ones employment years. This gives meaning to the retirees by helping them to approach leisure in an organized manner as if they were still in their formal employment. The retirees should have activity plan for the days lying ahead of them such as engaging in volunteer work, socializing and pursuing some other leisure activities. With such kind of organization, disruption and distress is highly reduced leading to a good retirement life. A good retirement should be morally managed and legitimated on a daily basis by ethic so as to ensure leisure that is earnest, occupied and filled with activities (Ekerdt,1986:239) Planning future activities for the retirees makes up a good retirement to them as this ensures continuity with activities in which they gain both a sense of involvement and the feeling of accomplishment just like the one provided by employment. Such kind of activities includes activities such participation in chatting and arts, which usually wraps up their day. The retirees value doing something that makes sense to them and also to others, also referred to as mattering, where the sense of relevance and value that comes from one’s life makes a difference to others. Also doing it with others (membership), providing connection to others and bringing that sense of belonging which enables one to refer to â€Å"us† as opposed to â€Å"them†. All these relates to a good retirement. The society currently does not really give the best as far as good retirement is concerned. In most cases, the retired and elderly are taken to the elderly centers where they stay as they wait for their final day on this ever busy world. This typically shows that within

Jazz Concert at Easter Washington University Essay

Jazz Concert at Easter Washington University - Essay Example This list ensured hthe rhythmical sound of jazz and classical music alternatively. Therefore, the group created an environment that entertained the attendants making some of them stand and dance to the low tone music. On the saxophones or woodwinds were Nick Rice, Max Thew, Jared McFalin, Koelynn Jones and Jacob Lorber. The trumpet part was played by Adam Gaulke, Jbackson Wesley, Tristan Dodson, and Connor Splichal. The trombones were played by Joe Boucher, Luke Brakhman, Luke Manasco, and Nathan Westlund. The band size was medium. One of the singers bared a heavy resemblance to some of the popular ancient jazz legends. He typically resembled Duke Ellington in the way he sang the song. He did the song in a manner that is exactly similar to the way Duke did most of his performances during his days. The dressing attire of the performers was long and white robe like clothes with bright linens at the neck of each performer (Plamondon). The attendance at the concert was beyond what I had imagined or seen in earlier concerts I attended. A large portion of the attendants were young people contrary to my expectation. I have .known young people in my country to be fanatics of popular romantic RnB and Rock music. There were also elderly people in the concert theatre. The singer who displayed a lot of emotion in the song attracted a lot attention of the attendants making them become more attentive to the words rather than the rhythm as they had been in the past hours. Analytically, the melody of the music played during the performance revealed a strange feature. At the beginning it looks more boring than the attendants expected. In fact, most of the attendants could not even shake their heads. Some said that they had wasted their money and will never attend such a concert. However, as the band played, there was a lot of improvements in melody. This attracted attention of the attendants who had earlier underrated the band making the rise to their feet. Harmony in the song involved simultaneous use of different pitches and chords making the song look non-rhythmical, in the making. The main chord used by the band was the 7th chord but it was alternated with the 9th producing irregular rhythmical pattern of the song. The tunes mainly appeared like those of blues music on hearing. This produced the syncopation of the song (Plamondon). The interference of the rhythmical patterns made the attendants get confused and watched as the performers enjoyed every bit of the song. Most of them danced as they played their instruments. This implies that they were aware of the rhythmical patterns of the song therefore were not affected by constant and songs abrupt change of rhythms as they performed. They swung their slim bodies responding to the songs while playing their instruments with passion. Some of them, especially the saxophonists bent as they played their instruments. The instrument produced a rhythm that exactly and beautifully rhymed with the tempo of the s ong. This made everybody in the hall applaud as they joined the singer. Those who knew the song enjoyed more than those who didn’t. Those who didn’t, including me, learnt from the crowd. It was like a surprise to me that I managed to cram and understand the song lyrics after the concert. The overall outlook

Contemporary Use of Rhetoric Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Use of Rhetoric Essay Aristotle believed that rhetoric is an art that could, and should, be studied and that good rhetoric is not only persuasive but also ethical. I agree with Aristotle’s claim that good rhetoric is not only persuasive but it is ethical. Rhetoric is value neutral in that the principles of rhetoric are not necessarily moral or immoral; it is dependent on how they are utilized. I believe it is unethical when good rhetorical principles are used to persuade the ignorant or the unwary of things which are against their best interest and is used to force the beliefs of the hegemonic group of our society upon other less powerful cultural groups. While many believe public engagement in rhetoric has been geared towards establishing absolute truth applicable to the universal appeals of human nature, I believe the principles of rhetoric are used in this modern era unethically to perpetuate certain dominant ideologies in order to maintain social hierarchies. By analyzing modern media and applying the theories and discoveries of the scholars we have discussed throughout the quarter such as, Nietzsche, Habermas, and Fraser it is apparent how language is currently used unethically in attempt to rhetorically persuade the public. As we learned in class, â€Å"rhetoric is one of the oldest and most studied human arts in Western civilization. † The rhetorical tradition can be traced back to the Sophists who first taught rhetoric in the ancient Mediterranean world and were viewed as controversial figures because of it. The Sophists, and specifically Aristotle, laid the groundwork for modern public communication. The Sophists were the first to systematize rhetoric into a true art or discipline and believed that anyone could become a skilled rhetorician with proper teaching and practice. Aristotle was essentially the ‘father’ of rhetorical study and was the first person to systematize the study of rhetoric into a rational system of argument and presentation. He was the scholar that created the three genres (deliberative, epideictic, forensic) and appeals (ethos, logos, pathos) of rhetoric and many of his ideas still remain extremely relevant today, nearly 2,500 years since his lifetime. Aristotle’s ideas are still considered and applied to many forms of contemporary rhetoric. However, although the Greek rhetorical tradition and Aristotle’s beliefs helped shape and define rhetoric and are grounded in its foundations, it has evolved greatly over the centuries and is now used in unethical manners. As we learned in class, although rhetorical tradition viewed rhetoric as an instrument, persuasion, rational, and public art that was a tool of cultural heroes, the contemporary era of rhetoric started focusing less on how to persuade and more on how public audiences are produced by rhetoric and language. Although I believe that the classical rhetoric as defined by the Greeks was accurate, informative, and ethical, I find that the contemporary beliefs of rhetoric are much more fitting in describing the current relation of rhetoric, public, and ethics. I agree that rhetoric is in fact constitutive rather than instrumental in that it constitutes our social world and creates identities within it. In the contemporary era rhetorical theory became less about how to produce good rhetoric and how to use rhetoric as an effective instrument as the Greeks were concerned with, and instead focuses more on how we are affected by rhetoric and how it constructs and reiterates certain cultural ideologies. This is extremely important to consider when examining how rhetoric is used currently in the media to produce persuasive messages to the public. A major theme of rhetoric in the 20th and 21st centuries is that â€Å"language doesn’t just describe reality. It helps create it and the way we talk about things has real material effects. † This is clear through rhetorical devices such as using language to describe â€Å"communism as cancer. † Not everyone defines communism as a negative concept- yet in our society we use language to compare it to cancer. By doing this our culture learns to associate communism with a terrible and tragic disease that there is no cure for. The rhetorical language used gives the term power and teaches the audience to associate the concept with illness and death- giving communism negative connotations. However, those in other countries that utilize communism are probably exposed by their media and government to language that teaches the audience to associate communism as a constructive and positive concept that is beneficial. This demonstrates the concept that Nietzsche introduced that language is power. As discussed in class Nietzschean influence introduced he theme that language cannot be separated from its poetic or metaphorical function and that rhetoric is inextricably linked to power. I agree with this concept and think it is important to analyze rhetoric in such a way when considering how rhetorical devices are employed currently in attempts to persuade the public and normalize certain ideologies through our media and pop culture. I believe it is imperative we consider the first persona or who the rhetors are, the historical context that shape rhetorical texts, and the messages they attempt to produce. Who has the authority to speak is extremely important to consider as one is exposed to messages of pop culture. In our society the dominant group is white, heterosexual men. When considering the statistics of who controls our media and pop culture it is overwhelmingly controlled by men included in this hegemonic group. By critically considering the messages constantly reinforced and presented by the media we can see how history has shaped the way media is written and the rhetoric that enables the perpetuation of binaries that divide our society in everyday life. Pop culture and media is driven, run and written by men, for men, and it is in their best interest to promote messages that maintain their place at the top of the hegemonic social hierarchy- demonstrating how the language they choose to use is power for them. The means of promoting messages through rhetorical devices that keep the dominant groups in power are what I consider to be unethical. The public sphere in theory is a positive concept that promotes democracy and equality by providing everyone with the opportunity to be heard and express their opinion. However, one major threat to the public sphere is the commercialization of the media. Media in our culture has become overwhelmingly commercialized which is a major reason I find current rhetorical practices unethical. Media is owned by different corporations that are overwhelmingly controlled by men so they can use their power to influence the messages presented in reporting’s and edge out alternative views and voices. The hegemonic group that controls the media can promote the messages they want to see that are in their best interest. This is apparent when we watch stations such as NBC that are ran by General Electrics. While watching, you can see the constant promotion of GE products everywhere in their broadcasting. Commercialization allows an unethical bias in rhetorical practices and does not allow for equal expressions of opinion or promotion. Instead it is the companies that have power that can promote their products and stay in power, which is an unethical use of rhetoric in that it is not equally accessible by everyone as it should be. The same bias that is apparent in rhetorical product promotion due to commercialization is also used to promote the values of the dominant group in control of the media. In accordance with Fraser’s critique of the public sphere, the public sphere excludes many groups because democracy is more complicated than Habermas accounted for. Access is essential and not everyone has equal access to the public sphere, which is overwhelmingly apparent when considering how minority groups are overtly portrayed in the media . The hegemonic group in control of media messages uses rhetorical devices to present persuasive messages about the other less dominant groups. For example through rhetoric, election coverage tends to portray political issues in a manner that reinforces sexuality, gender, and racial hierarchies in order to protect the privileged positions of those on the dominant side of our culture’s binaries. For example, specifically media rhetorically portrays women as emotional, uninformed, and thoroughly objectifies them. Media focuses on the way a female politician looks and acts rather than her merits or political stances and there is little to no similar coverage of men (the dominant group that has control over the public sphere) in this same way. Rhetorical tactics used to effectively do this include saying a woman â€Å"complained† while saying a man â€Å"stated. † This effectively makes women seem emotional, while men seem stronger. Another common tactic is labeling a female politician â€Å"Mrs. † instead of addressing her by her title such as â€Å"senator. By refusing to label a woman by her position the newspapers are unethically and effectively diminishing her importance and are presenting a rhetorical message about females in our culture. By focusing on a woman’s appearance, media unethically uses rhetoric to put the emphasis on female’s looks rather than policies which make them seem less powerful than men and this is reflected in our daily lives- demo nstrating how rhetoric can be used to create identities and normalizes beliefs while making them appear to be common sense. This concept is also apparent in the unethical representation of racial minorities in our media through rhetoric. For instance, when quoting a person of color the media will sometimes use tactics such as writing with poor grammar. To better explain, they may use the spelling â€Å"cuz† instead of correcting the spelling to â€Å"‘cause† or â€Å"because† to paint a picture that the minority group is ineloquent and uneducated in order to promote unethical messages that reconfirm the power of the dominant group that currently controls our media. Often this unethical use of rhetorical normalization is overlooked and goes unnoticed. This ostracizes anyone who does not fit clearly into the accepted categories by delegitimizing values and beliefs that are not in accordance with our cultures hegemonic ideologies. These concepts relate to Nietzsche’s concept that by abstracting, language tends to do away with differences and abolishes specificity by assuming sameness where there is none. Our society is composed of many unique individuals but the rhetorical language that is constantly presented to us does not account for differences and is responsible for creating binaries in our culture. Not everything is as simple as black and white and there are many shades of grey that need to be considered and accounted for, yet we assume these black and white binaries are common sense and that individuals can easily be grouped into common categories. This is why society views controversial issues such as racism and sexism the way it does- because those stereotypes or ideological norms have been so frequently mentioned throughout history and our culture that we accept them as common sense and feel no need for action to challenge and change these beliefs. As Nietzsche described there is no truth, truth is only to lie with the herd. To me, this theory can be applied to hegemonic ideologies. Our media promotes sameness in our culture where there is none making it seem like â€Å"common sense† and not accounting for the fact that our society is comprised of unique individuals. Social ideologies are constructed by society and are in no way innate. We are constantly exposed to these constructions from the moment we are born without even being aware. For instance, simple acts such as dressing girls in pink and boys in blue assume sameness about gender preferences where there is none. There is nothing predetermined that says boys cannot like pink yet our culture creates this assumption. Our pop culture, such as Disney reiterates these messages of â€Å"sameness† and â€Å"norms† as well by rhetorically promoting patriarchal ideologies that teach girls their goal in life should be to get married and depend on a man, since that is what the heroin characters of their stories all ultimately do. We are so often constantly exposed to these messages overtly that we start to view them as common sense and normalize them but the majority’s way is not the ONLY way there is to view the important issues of our society; we just tend to see things in accordance with the norms of the â€Å"herd† that are constantly reinforced. That is why I comply with postmodernist views that there is no truth- because everyone has a different idea of â€Å"truth† and we should not accept the version that is unethically reiterated in society and normalized through the media. In conclusion, it is extremely difficult to define rhetoric. Having been in existence for over three thousand years, one cannot hold rhetoric in the same light, as it is constantly shifting and evolving over time. We use rhetoric to help us explain things and mobilize action. Recognizing that rhetoric is a necessarily public deployment of discourse shows the crucial distinction between rhetoric and all other forms of language, which is the fact that rhetoric is utilized specifically to motivate action on the part of an audience. Rhetoric is a very useful and powerful tool that artfully can be used to persuade audiences. However, in my opinion it is currently used unethically in our society to push the beliefs of the hegemonic group in order to keep social hierarchies in place and make them appear as a normal â€Å"truth. † There are many opinions that are often not represented in our society through the language portrayed in our media. Rhetorical devices are used unethically to push what is presented to us as â€Å"common sense† or â€Å"truth† but true equality and equal representation can only exist when it’s reflected in the language of our media. This is why invitational rhetoric is an important concept to consider rather than rhetoric as merely a form of persuasion. In order to act as ethical rhetors in a world without universal truths we must acknowledge all cultural groups and beliefs in our use of rhetoric presented to the public and not just the dominant values of society. Rhetoric should be a tool used to promote democracy and equal representation of opinions instead of used unethically to hinder such attempts by reiterating and normalizing the hegemonic values of our culture.